Allergic rhinitis is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in children. This inflammation of the inner lining of the nose occurs when an allergic individual encounters an airborne allergen such as pollen, mold, dust mites or animal dander.

Sneezing, coughing, runny nose, sore throat and itchy, watery eyes are among the major symptoms of allergic rhinitis. These symptoms may occur throughout the year (perennial allergic rhinitis) or just at certain times of year (seasonal allergic rhinitis) when mold and pollen counts are high. Seasonal allergic rhinitis does not usually develop until after age 6, while perennial allergic rhinitis is frequently seen in younger children.

A child develops allergic rhinitis after being exposed to an allergen and becoming sensitized to it. Once sensitization has occurred, the child will have an allergic reaction the next time the allergen is encountered. Taking steps to minimize a child’s exposure to allergens early in life sometimes can prevent allergic rhinitis from later developing.

The consequences of allergy symptoms can have a profound effect on children. Negative outcomes attributed to allergic rhinitis symptoms include:

• Poor classroom performance and missed school days (peak pollen seasons often occur at both the start of the school year and during final exams)
• Increased irritability and temper tantrums
• Poor concentration habits
• Overactive behavior
• Problems sleeping and fatigue

In addition, allergic rhinitis can be a gateway disorder that leads to other health problems in children, including:

• Asthma. A respiratory disorder that results in constriction of the airways. Allergens associated with allergic rhinitis are frequently triggers for an asthma attack.

• Sinusitis. An inflammation and infection of the mucous membranes lining the sinuses that creates a breeding ground for viral, bacterial or fungal infections.
  
  
• Otitis media.  An ear infection, which can result when nasal allergies cause inflammation and blockage of the eustachian tube (a cavity connecting the nose to the middle ear). Over time, an infection in the middle ear can develop into a thick, sticky secretion that builds up and attaches to the auditory ossicles (three bones of the middle ear that are crucial to a person’s ability to hear). Sometimes, an incision in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) is necessary to cure the condition. This procedure is called myringotomy.