Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in females. This condition typically excludes any absent menstruation (periods) for normal female function, such as before puberty, during pregnancy and/or breastfeeding or after menopause.

The abnormal absence of menstruation may be due to any number of changes in the organs, glands and hormones involved in the menstrual cycle. Possible medical causes of amenorrhea may include ovarian failure, problems in the central nervous system or the pituitary gland, hormonal imbalances, poor nutrition, stress or illness.

Amenorrhea may sometimes be accompanied by other symptoms, which may indicate that an underlying condition is present. For instance, when accompanied by acne, excessive hair growth (hirsutism) and rapid weight gain, amenorrhea may be caused by a hormonal imbalance associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). When accompanied by extreme weight loss, hair loss and other signs of malnutrition, it may indicate an eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa.

Once it is determined that amenorrhea is not due to pregnancy, lactation or menopause, treatment will be determined based on the underlying condition. Treatments include diet and nutrition modifications, stress reduction techniques, birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy and, in rare cases, surgery.

Unless caused by a medical condition, menstrual irregularities such as amenorrhea may be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and moderate exercise with plenty of rest. In addition, women should see their gynecologist (GYN) once a year for regular check-ups and report any irregularities or changes in their menstrual cycle to their physician.