Research into the many forms of arthritis focuses on the biochemistry and genetics of arthritis and new ways to treat the pain or arrest progress of the disease. New combinations of existing drugs, especially for rheumatoid arthritis, are being investigated.

Other research involves the role of the immune system, such as the effect of the proteins called cytokines on inflammation. A study by the National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases has focused on the role of substance P, a neuropeptide that transmits pain signals and is elevated in arthritis patients. Research is also being conducted on the genetic aspects of arthritis by investigating genetic siblings and twins with differing histories of rheumatic disease.

Researchers are studying stems cells and tissue engineering as a means of repairing cartilage in joints.

Numerous studies concern the use of patient education and improving coping skills and stress management for arthritis patients and their families. Other studies focus on the efficacy of supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin and the use of acupuncture in treating arthritis. Some researchers are studying the effect of omega-3 fatty acids, which occur in some fish oils, because they are believed to have anti-inflammatory properties.