Asperger’s syndrome is a pervasive developmental disorder that causes patients to have difficulty interacting (both verbally and nonverbally) with others. It usually occurs in children between the ages of 2 and 6 years, although it may not actually be diagnosed for many years.

This disorder belongs to a group of conditions known as autistic spectrum disorders that all involve problems with social skills. Boys are three to four times more likely than girls to have Asperger’s syndrome, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

The causes of Asperger’s syndrome and other autistic spectrum disorders remain unknown. Widespread brain abnormalities may contribute to Asperger’s syndrome. In addition, the disorder appears to have a strong genetic component.

Children with Asperger’s syndrome typically have normal-to-high levels of intelligence and verbal skills, but are awkward in social situations. In many cases, they also display a fixation with unusual topics of interest, such as aliens or bus schedules. They may share many of the same symptoms as patients with high-functioning autism. However, mental retardation typically does not occur in patients with Asperger’s syndrome, and patients do not experience delays in language and cognitive development.

Asperger’s syndrome is often marked by difficulty making friends. Patients may talk for long periods of time without allowing others to contribute to the conversation and may avoid eye contact. Their faces may lack expression as they speak, and they may talk in monotone, fast or unusual patterns. Patients may also engage in unusual body postures or gestures.

Diagnosing Asperger’s syndrome can be difficult. Observations of the child and parental reports about the child’s history of social interaction offer important clues to a diagnosis. Tests of the child’s intellect and academic abilities – including their speech, language and visual-motor abilities – may also be part of the diagnosis process.

Early diagnosis is crucial to treating Asperger’s syndrome effectively. Speech pathologists, social workers, psychologists and developmental pediatricians all may be involved in treatment. Patients can learn behavioral management tools and other skills that will help them to better interact with others.

Difficulties with social interaction remain a lifelong problem for many people with Asperger’s syndrome. It is not uncommon for adolescents with this disorder to become anxious or depressed as they come to recognize their differences. Adults may desire to form friendships, but lack the social skills to do so successfully. Individuals with Asperger’s syndrome often have difficulty in dating and marriage. As a result, they are more likely to form relationships with people much younger or older than themselves.