Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) shares one major feature with asthma: airflow limitation. However, whereas asthma is almost always reversible, COPD – which is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema – is usually difficult to treat. COPD causes permanent damage to the air sacs (alveoli) and smaller bronchial tubes of the lungs. It tends to become progressively worse over time.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms include:

• Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
• Cough
• Sputum (material expelled in coughing)
• Airflow restrictions that are difficult to treat
• Wheezing
• Decreased tolerance for exercise

A physician may suspect COPD if the patient is middle-aged or older and has a history of smoking. Other risk factors for the condition include exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational exposure to certain industrial pollutants, having a personal history of childhood respiratory infections and having a family member with COPD.

A pulmonary function test is the best way to confirm this diagnosis. Spirometry can detect reduced airflow during a forceful exhalation. A chest x-ray can reveal hyperinflation (an over-expanded lung) and a CAT scan (computed axial tomography) of the chest can reveal emphysema. Blood tests may also be used to help diagnose the condition.  

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment requires that the patient stop smoking. Inhalers, antibiotics, oxygen and surgery may all be recommended for those with this difficult-to-treat disease.