Autonomic neuropathy is damage to the nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is a type of neuropathy, which is the term used for damage, disease or inflammation to the nerves of the body. Autonomic neuropathy is considered to be a collection of symptoms rather than a specific disease.

The body’s nervous system is divided into two parts. The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS itself is also divided into two systems. One part of the PNS, the somatic nervous system, is under conscious control and is activated when a person wishes to move a body part. The somatic nervous system also processes the information received from the senses. The other part of the PNS is the ANS.

The ANS regulates involuntary functions of the body such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration (breathing), genital and urinary functioning and perspiration. In a healthy body, ANS nerves transmit messages between the brain and the blood vessels, skin and internal organs. Damage to the nerves of the ANS can short-circuit these messages, preventing them from being sent or causing them to be sent too slowly or at the wrong time. For example, a patient who experiences damage to ANS nerves in the gastrointestinal tract is likely to have problems properly digesting food. This can lead to symptoms such as abdominal bloating, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.

Numerous complications are associated with autonomic neuropathy. Sudden drops in blood pressure may cause patients to faint, which can lead to fall-related injuries. Low blood pressure can also cause mental and physical fatigue. Digestive system difficulties can result in malnutrition, weight loss, or fluid or electrolyte imbalances such as hypokalemia (insufficient potassium levels).

The prognosis for patients with autonomic neuropathy varies. Some patients may notice improvement over time while others may experience a worsening of their condition despite treatment. Although symptoms associated with autonomic neuropathy are often uncomfortable, they are rarely life-threatening. However, damage to autonomic nerves can be potentially fatal if it impairs functions such as breathing or normal heartbeat.