The exact cause of Barrett’s esophagus is not known, but it is sometimes associated with a common condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

GERD is a disorder in which stomach contents flow back (reflux) into the esophagus and damage its lining. GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which separates the esophagus and stomach, does not close properly. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn, a burning sensation in the upper abdominal or chest area.

It is normal to experience a small amount of reflux after a meal. It is also normal to experience an occasional episode of heartburn. Patients with GERD experience heartburn and other symptoms more frequently than other people, and may have damage to the esophagus.

It is estimated that approximately 20 percent of adults in the United States experience symptoms of GERD at least once a week, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. When chronic GERD is not treated properly, it may cause potential complications, such as Barrett’s esophagus.

In addition, research has found that individuals with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal cancer often have increased levels of reactive oxygen (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) and an enzyme called NOX5 in their cells. When NOX5 is exposed to acid, the composition of the cells appears to change significantly, producing the excess hydrogen peroxide and creating optimal conditions for cancer cells to flourish.

Other risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus include:

• Being Caucasian or Hispanic. Caucasians and Hispanics develop Barrett's esophagus more frequently than people who are black or Asian.
  
  
• Gender. Men have a greater risk of developing the condition than women.
  
  
• Advanced age. The condition is more common in people over age 50. Most people diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus are over age 60.
  
  
• Smoking. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing the condition.
  
  
• Obesity. People who are obese have a greater risk of developing Barrett’s esophagus.