Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. It is a common condition among men during middle and old age.

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland in the pelvis that consists of two regions (lobes) encircled by a layer of tissue. Anatomically, it is located in front of the rectum but below the bladder. It surrounds the urethra, the canal that carries urine and semen out of the body.

Although some of the functions of the prostate remain a mystery, one of its known primary roles is to supply the fluid that nourishes sperm and helps transport it through the urethra during sexual ejaculation. This fluid also helps to neutralize the acidic environment in the vaginal canal. In addition, the prostate constricts the neck of the bladder during ejaculation.

As men age, the prostate gland usually becomes larger in size, growing around the urethra and potentially obstructing its flow. This stresses the bladder wall and may cause it to become irritated and thickened. The bladder may become overly sensitized,  contracting with even small amounts of urine, resulting in frequent urination. Eventually the bladder can weaken and lose its ability to empty properly.

The size of the prostate does not necessarily correlate with the severity of symptoms. Some patients with large prostates have no symptoms, whereas others with small prostates can have symptoms.

Other problems that can arise from this condition include difficulty urinating, urinary tract infections, and risk of developing kidney damage long-term due to “back pressure.” Thus, recognizing BPH in its early stages can lower the risk of developing complications.

Recent research indicates that patients with a gene called JM-27 are prone to a severe form of BPH that is more likely to result in damage to the bladder and kidneys. A blood test for this gene is pending approval.