Breathing problems include any condition that changes the normal pattern of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide that is necessary for a person to sustain life.

As a person inhales, oxygen enters the lungs. The air is then transported by red blood cells and distributed throughout the body. Red blood cells exchange fresh oxygen for carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, and transports this waste gas to the lungs to be expelled when the person exhales.

An average adult breathes approximately 15 to 20 times per minute while at rest. When this process works efficiently, most people are not even aware of it. But when something interferes with normal breathing patterns, the symptoms usually are noticeable. These may include shortness of breath, wheezing or a chronic cough.

Some breathing problems can be considered normal, such as the impaired nasal breathing that accompanies nasal congestion during a common cold, or breathlessness after strenuous exercise. However, many breathing problems indicate a serious underlying illness or condition and demand prompt medical attention.

The most serious breathing problem is apnea, which occurs when spontaneous breathing stops for any reason. Sometimes apnea is temporary or starts and stops at intervals, such as during sleep apnea (episodic breathing failure during sleep). Other forms of breathing cessation last for longer periods and are known as prolonged apnea, or even respiratory arrest. This is a life-threatening disorder that demands emergency medical attention.

People who experience apnea that lasts any duration should consult a physician. Even temporary apnea can have a significant impact on health. Patients may turn blue, experience seizures, become drowsy, remain unconscious or go limp.