Bruxism refers to a chronic clenching of the jaws and grinding of the teeth. The habit is most common in children under the age of 5, but adults also engage in bruxism.

Bruxism tends to occur most often during deep sleep, particularly in the early part of the night. In addition, bruxism may occur during waking moments when a person feels particularly stressed or anxious. Because bruxism often occurs when a person is asleep, sleep partners, roommates, siblings or parents often become aware of the habit before the patient.

The exact cause of bruxism remains unknown. Stress appears to be a major contributor to bruxism. It also occurs more often in people whose top and bottom teeth are not aligned properly (malocclusion).

In most cases, bruxism is a minor condition that poses no real health threat. In more severe cases, bruxing can cause morning headaches or earaches. In extreme cases, tooth enamel may begin to wear down, exposing the inner layers of the teeth. Teeth also may become flattened or chipped.

Patients who notice signs of bruxism are urged to schedule an appointment with a dentist. In other cases, signs of bruxism – such as wear on the teeth – may be noticed by the dentist during a routine dental exam.

Most cases of bruxism require no treatment. Treatment is necessary in more severe cases to prevent symptoms such as jaw pain or destruction of tooth enamel. A technique called biofeedback can help reveal when patients are most likely to brux, or clench their teeth. This information can help patients better modify their clenching and grinding behavior. Relaxation techniques and use of a custom-fit mouth guard during sleep also are used to treat bruxism.