Is it possible for your eyes to get sunburned?

L.L.

Although eyes do not get "sunburned" in the same way that skin does, excessive exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays can lead to many eye problems, both short- and long-term.

Intense exposure to ultraviolet rays, such as that which may occur when sunlight reflects off water or sand, can inflame the white part of the eye (conjunctiva). Typical symptoms include eye redness, discomfort and sensitivity to light. This condition usually responds to lubricating eyedrops and occasionally anti-inflammatory drops. Most people recover within a few days with no permanent damage to their vision. A similar condition, referred to as "snow blindness," is sometimes seen among skiers.

However, a more serious situation occurs when someone stares directly at the sun. The condition, which doctors call sun-gazing retinopathy, occurs most commonly in people who are viewing solar eclipses, as well people who stare at the sun when they are under the influence of psychedelic drugs. Gazing directly at the sun for any extended period of time can damage or destroy cells in the central retina, which will cause immediate impairment of vision. Although some such people may recover their vision, many will end up with permanent visual loss.

Overexposure to ultraviolet light on a chronic basis can lead to two forms of vision loss. Studies have shown that people with greater exposure to ultraviolet light are more prone to developing cataracts than people of similar age with less exposure. Fortunately, cataract surgery is very effective in restoring vision. A second condition, macular degeneration, is also associated with long-term exposure to ultraviolet light. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in people over age 65. At this time, there is no effective way to restore vision, and only treatments to stop further vision loss in some patients. Therefore, people should try to limit their exposure to ultraviolet light to help reduce their risk of developing macular degeneration.