Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term used to describe a group of nervous system (neurological) disorders characterized by impaired body movement and muscle coordination. CP can be caused by injury to or abnormal development of the brain during pregnancy, birth or the first two to three years of life.

Motor skills are controlled primarily by structures in the middle regions of the brain, including the frontal motor cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and brainstem. Damage to or impaired development of any of these structures can lead to problems with normal motor functions, movement and posture.

CP is most often present at birth and may go unnoticed until there are signs of developmental delays. Babies may appear normal at birth. However, as they age, parents may notice developmental delays (e.g., failure to sit up, roll over, crawl or walk at the normal stages) and signs of poor coordination or stiff or tight muscles.

CP is not progressive, meaning it does not worsen with time. However, a child’s symptoms can become more pronounced over time and the developmental disabilities may become more obvious. In addition, secondary symptoms such as muscle spasms may become better, worsen or remain the same over time.

Children with CP often have other disorders related to brain injury or cerebral dysfunction. These can include mental retardation, behavioral or emotional disorders, seizures and visual and speech impairments. The severity of these disorders can affect the child’s treatment and/or progress in physical, occupational and speech therapy. Generally, the earlier that therapy and other treatment begins, the better the child’s opportunity to overcome or adapt to disabilities.

According to the United Cerebral Palsy Foundation, there are between 1.5 and 2 million children and adults with CP in the United States. Some 10,000 infants and babies are diagnosed with the disorder each year. Another 1,200 to 1,500 preschool aged children are diagnosed with CP annually.