Cervical Cancer: Key Q&A

Reviewed By:
Martin E. Liebling, M.D., FACP

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of a woman's cervix. Most cervical cancers begin with microscopic changes in the cells located in the outer layer of the cervix. These changes, known as dysplasia may develop into cancer. The most common types of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

 

What is the connection between HPV and cervical cancer?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name for a group of common viruses that can infect the body, including the genitals, contributing to cervical cancer and also causing genital warts. When HPV is spread through sexual contact, it may remain on a woman's cervix. In most cases, HPV produces no symptoms and goes away on its own. Sometimes the virus remains on the cervix and changes the cells in a way that can lead to cervical cancer.

 

What is the HPV vaccine and how will it reduce the risk of cervical cancer?

In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration approved a vaccine that protects against four types of HPV: HPV-16 and HPV-18, which cause 70 percent of cervical cancers; and HPV-6 and HPV-11, which cause 90 percent of genital warts. Studies have shown the vaccine to be effective in protecting against HPV and protecting against the development of cervical cancer. The vaccine is approved for girls and women ages 9 to 26. It is most effective when administered before exposure to HPV, which means it is recommended before a young woman becomes sexually active. The vaccine is administered as three injections over a six-month period. The vaccines provide no protection against other forms of HPV. Women who received HPV vaccines should still get regular screenings to test for other HPV infections.

 

Will cervical cell abnormalities develop into cancer?

Having cervical cell changes does not mean you will develop cervical cancer. In fact, detecting these changes through a Pap test allows for early treatment that can prevent cervical cancer. Most women who have abnormal cervical cell changes that progress to cervical cancer have had no or few Pap tests

 

If I don't have any abnormal bleeding, do I have to worry about cervical cancer?

Early cervical changes or cervical cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms. Abnormal bleeding often does not occur until the cancer is in the advanced stages. It is important to have regular gynecological exams and Pap tests even if you don't have symptoms. This is the best method for detecting any abnormalities before they can develop into invasive cancer.

 

Which tests are used to detect and diagnose cervical cancer?

A pelvic examination and a Pap test are the most effective screening tools for cervical cancer. In a pelvic exam, your physician inspects your vagina and cervix for any indications of problems. In a Pap test a sample of cells is removed from your cervix for examination under a microscope. Your physician will conduct additional tests if suspicious cells are found in your Pap test. These will probably include a colposcopy with a biopsy to further analyze your cervical tissue.

 

What is the next step if a problem is discovered with my Pap test?

If the Pap test shows you have an infection, the infection is treated and you will most likely be given a repeat Pap test at a later time. If your pelvic exam or Pap test indicates a problem other than an infection, your doctor may repeat the Pap test and conduct additional tests to determine the cause. To diagnose cervical cancer, a biopsy must be completed to identify the presence of cancerous tissue.

How are precancerous cervical conditions treated?

If your Pap test indicates the presence of a precancerous condition, you may need treatment to prevent further complications. There are a number of fairly noninvasive treatments that can be done by your gynecologist. These can include cryosurgery, laser therapy or conization. They are typically performed in your physician's office or outpatient clinic.

 

Do all women with cervical cancer need a hysterectomy?

There are many treatment options for cervical cancer. Your treatment will depend on the type of cancer, the stage (extent of spread) of the cancer and additional factors. A hysterectomy is not the only treatment for the disease, though it is often used for  cases of the more invasive forms of the disease. Other treatments include radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In many cases, patients receive a combination of therapies. Your cancer care specialists will determine the most appropriate treatment for your cancer.

 

How does precancer or cancer of the cervix affect my chances of becoming pregnant?

Precancer treatments, including laser surgery, cryosurgery and conization, typically do not affect a woman's fertility. Women who are treated for cervical cancer with a hysterectomy, however, will not be able to have children. This procedure removes the cervix and uterus and prevents women from becoming pregnant. If you have cervical cancer and still want to have children, your physician will discuss all possible treatments. With advanced cervical cancer, however, a hysterectomy may be your only treatment option.

 

What can I do to reduce the risk of cervical cancer?

Ask your gynecologist if you are a candidate for the HPV vaccine. The vaccine protects you from the types of HPV responsible for most cases of cervical cancer. In addition, certain changes in your lifestyle may reduce your risk of cervical cancer. Since multiple sex partners and certain STDs increase your risk, limiting your number of sex partners can reduce your chances of developing cervical cancer. In addition, you should practice safe sex to decrease your exposure to STDs and infections. By not smoking, eating a balanced diet and exercising, you will also reduce your risk for cervical cancer.

 

Find the support you need at the iVillage Cervical & Gynecological Cancers message board.