When bowel movements are infrequent and associated with symptoms, it is called constipation. Food product waste (stool) may become hard and dry while in the intestines, making it painful to pass and causing strain. Constipation may be intense and develop suddenly (acute) or develop gradually and last for long periods of time (chronic).

Most people have experienced constipation that corrects itself with time, changes in diet or increased physical activity. It most cases it is temporary and not serious. However, long-lasting or severe constipation may indicate a more serious underlying disorder, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), intestinal obstruction or the inability of intestinal muscles to contract.

Occasionally, people may believe they are constipated because they do not have a bowel movement each day. However, the frequency of bowel movements can vary greatly from person to person – from three times a week to three times a day. Patients should pay attention to any changes in their bowel habits.  

Other symptoms may appear with constipation, including abdominal pain, cramping and nausea. Several conditions may develop as a result of constipation, including hemorrhoids, anal fissures, fecal impaction and rectal prolapse. Some of these can also cause or contribute to constipation.  

Constipation may be caused by a number of different medical conditions, lifestyle choices or certain medicines. Poor diet and a lack of exercise are the most common causes of occasional constipation. IBS, which includes alternating episodes of constipation and diarrhea, is one of the most common causes of chronic constipation in the United States. Tumors, inflammation and scar tissue can put pressure on the intestines and lead to constipation. Medicines used to treat depression, high blood pressure and Parkinson’s disease may also cause constipation.

Treating constipation will include diagnosis and treatment of any underlying medical condition that is causing the problem. Regardless of the cause, diet and exercise changes are often recommended for people with occasional or chronic constipation.

Laxatives may be used in some cases. However, patients should consult with their physician before taking laxatives since they may be habit-forming, cause damage to the bowels, interfere with other medication or cause additional problems such as pneumonia.

It is important to note that the manufacturer of the prescription medication tegaserod maleate (Zelnorn), which was indicated for use in women with constipation-predominant IBS, agreed to discontinue marketing the drug in March 2007 due to a high incidence of adverse cardiovascular events. Patients currently taking this medication are urged to consult their physician.