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Selective cyclo–oxygenase–2 (COX–2) inhibitors are unique types of nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)  designed to relieve pain from certain conditions as effectively as other pain relievers but without upsetting the stomach. Conditions treated with COX-2 inhibitors include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and some types of acute pain.
Although COX-2 inhibitors are popular, recent research has raised concerns over their safety. Some COX–2 inhibitors have been withdrawn from the market by their manufacturers after being linked to an increased risk of serious side effects including heart attack, stroke and gastrointestinal bleeding. As a result, celecoxib (Celebrex) is the only remaining COX–2 inhibitor available in the United States. However, common side effects generally include mild symptoms (e.g., stomach ache, diarrhea). People with various conditions (e.g., asthma, heart disease, alcoholism, liver disease) should not take COX–2 inhibitors as they increase the risk of serious side effects. Most research about COX–2 inhibitors has been conducted on young and middle–aged adults. Consequently, little is known about how these drugs affect other groups of people. The elderly are not thought to have a higher risk of side effects, though they tend to be more severe when they do occur. Pregnant women are generally encouraged to avoid COX–2 inhibitors during the third trimester, though little is known about if or how these drugs affect developing fetuses. No research has been conducted regarding the effects of COX–2 inhibitors on children. | 
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