Test Your Knowledge

There are several different types of depression that a child may experience. They include:

• Major depression. Includes at least one episode of this disorder (also known as clinical depression or unipolar depression) marked by persistent sadness and symptoms such as weight changes, loss of interest in enjoyable activities, changes in sleeping patterns, social withdrawal and suicidal thoughts. Children who experience major depression are likely to experience future bouts of depression.
  
  
• Bipolar disorder. Formerly known as manic depressive illness, it involves alternating periods of extreme mood swings (highs [mania] and extreme lows [depression]). Periods of depression are similar to those experienced during major depression. Manic periods include symptoms such as reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts and impulsive behavior. Youth symptoms related to bipolar disorder differ somewhat from those experienced by adults. For example, children who are in a manic phase are more likely than adults to be irritable and to engage in destructive behavior. They are also less likely than adults to be elated or euphoric. Bipolar disorder can be difficult to diagnose in children, as the signs and symptoms may be mistaken for those of other conditions, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorders, as well as normal childhood development.
  
  
• Dysthymia. A chronic form of low-level depression that lasts for at least one year in children. Children who have dysthymia have a perpetually gloomy mood and are more likely to be irritable than depressed. Dysthymia in children may be associated with ADHD and other medical or psychological conditions. Patients with dysthymia often go on to develop major depression, and vice-versa.
  
  
• Adjustment disorder with depressed mood. A bout of depression that occurs after a significant life change, such as the death of a loved one or a major disaster. Children with this disorder go through a period of adjustment that is longer than normally would be expected or that interferes with their daily activities.