Certain populations face special challenges in regard to diet and oral health. It is essential that children eat nutritious foods that allow their teeth to develop properly and that keep their gums healthy. However, children often are attracted to foods that are less healthy, especially sugary candies and sodas. Eating such foods can establish lifelong dietary habits that lead to long-term tooth decay or gum disease and the complications that result.

Parents are urged to encourage children to eat healthier snacks, limit overall snacking, and brush and floss daily. Keeping only healthy foods and snacks inside the house may help promote good habits.

It is often difficult for children to pass up the temptation to snack on foods that promote poor oral health. Parents are urged to explain to children that such snacking is a major source of cavities and encourage them to delay eating sweets until desserts after meals. After children finish dessert, they should be urged to brush their teeth immediately.

Elderly people may not eat properly if they are in poor health or if they have oral problems such as extensive tooth loss. Some elderly people eat inadequately, which can lead to poor nutrition and associated oral health problems. Others who experience pain or discomfort while eating may consume increasing amounts of soft foods, which may be high in the carbohydrates that can lead to tooth decay. People who wear dentures also may eat these types of foods frequently.

People who have trouble chewing can chop, grind or puree their meats, fruits and vegetables. Eating foods such as canned sugar-free fruits and vegetables or instant breakfast drinks are other options. People who do not eat because of other physical symptoms can take other approaches. For example, an older person who fails to eat because of dry mouth can consult a dentist about saliva supplements, while those who have an altered sense of taste can add spices and other flavorings to their foods.

Vegetarians who do not consume any animal products (vegans) also may be at risk for certain oral health problems unless they find alternative sources of protein, some vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D and calcium. For this reason, people who plan to eat a vegan diet are urged to consult with a dentist or dietician about planning a diet that has adequate levels of nutrients. 

Women who are pregnant may also need to increase their consumption of certain vitamins and minerals, such as calcium. These minerals are vital to the developing fetus. If a pregnant woman does not consume adequate amounts of these nutrients, there may not be enough available for both the woman and the developing fetus.  As a result, the woman may develop tooth decay or other oral health problems.