Digestive problems are often symptoms of mild or even temporary conditions. Problems that are chronic or those that appear to get worse or intensify over time should be evaluated by a physician. These symptoms may be early signs of a more serious condition, such as an ulcer or cancer. In addition, digestive problems may be a result of cancer treatment (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy).

Digestion is the process in which the body converts food into simple substances for growth, energy and cell repair. The purpose of the digestive system is to break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for fuel. This complex system is made up of abdominal organs, including the alimentary canal, also known as the digestive tract, that starts at the mouth and continues for nearly 30 feet (approximately 9 meters) before it reaches the anus, where waste products are eliminated.

Some of the most common digestive problems associated cancer and other medical conditions include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Abdominal cramps or pain
• Abdominal bloating
• Changes in bladder or bowel habits
• Difficulty swallowing or digesting food
• Heartburn or gastric difficulties

Many cancers present few, if any, signs or symptoms, especially in the early stages of the disease. Subsequent development of signs or symptoms depends on the location, type and stage of the cancer. As the cancer grows, it may begin to place pressure on surrounding organs, tissues, blood vessels, nerves or other structures. This pressure, as well as other factors, can cause the signs and symptoms associated with cancer in various regions of the body.

It is important to note that digestive problems do not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer. Most common digestive problems are caused by other, less serious conditions, such as minor gastrointestinal problems, infections or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The final determination of the underlying cause of digestive problems should be made by a gastroenterologist (a physician who specializes in diseases of the digestive tract). If cancer is diagnosed by the gastroenterologist, the patient will be referred to a medical oncologist for further testing and treatment planning.