There is no cure for Down syndrome, but the health problems that are often associated with it can be treated.

At one time, death in infancy or childhood was nearly universal for Down syndrome patients. Now, most children born with Down syndrome survive into older adulthood, as a result of better understanding of the condition and medical advances such as antibiotics and corrective surgery. However, they do require more frequent medical checkups (e.g., well-child visits) than normal, including regular eye and ear examinations.

The birth defects that may be associated with Down syndrome (e.g., heart defects, gastrointestinal atresia) can typically be treated through surgery. After these abnormalities are corrected, they usually cause no more problems. Infections (e.g., colds, ear infections) and other conditions (e.g., thyroid disease, seizure disorders) can be treated with medications. Vision or hearing loss may require corrective lenses or hearing aids. Obstructive sleep apnea (temporary interruptions in breathing while asleep) can often be treated with a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) or adenoidectomy (surgical removal of the adenoids). As with all children, proper nutrition and regular physical activity are also very important to maintain good health.

The developmental problems associated with Down syndrome are a lifelong concern. Parents may involve themselves in their children's treatment, therapy and education so the children can achieve to the limits of their abilities in independent living and functioning.

There is no sure way to prevent Down syndrome, but women and men can increase their chances of having healthy children by not delaying parenthood until later in life.