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If a chronic health condition, such as diabetes, is causing the dry skin, the underlying condition must be treated in order to improve the appearance of the skin. In cases where dryness results from a skin disease, such as eczema, a physician may refer the patient to a dermatologist for treatment.

In most cases, though, treatment of dry skin is simple and requires returning moisture to the skin. This can be achieved by using moisturizers and emollients, which help nourish and hydrate the skin, on a regular basis. The most effective moisturizers are ointments, followed by creams. Lotions are the least lubricating form of moisturizer.

Many moisturizers contain sunscreen, which helps protect the skin against the sun’s harmful rays. Moisturizers with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or more should be applied daily to areas of the skin that are frequently exposed to the sun, including the face, ears, hands and neck.

Patients experiencing dry skin are advised to apply moisturizers as often as necessary, especially after bathing, showering or washing the face when the skin is moist. It also should be applied before exercising outdoors, in cold climates and every time the hands are washed. Individuals with severely dry skin should also apply a moisturizer before bed. Those with dry hands may benefit from applying a moisturizer to the skin at bedtime and wearing cotton gloves overnight. 

In addition, people can help keep their skin hydrated and prevent dry skin by:

• Limiting bathing time. Showers and baths should be limited to 10 minutes or less, and only once a day.
  
  
•  Using warm water instead of hot water.
  
  
• Avoiding harsh, drying soaps and powders. Non-deodorant soaps and nonsoap cleansers are best.
  
  
• Not scrubbing, rubbing or scratching the skin. This can lead to inflammation and in some cases infection. Skin should be gently patted dry with a towel after a shower or bath.
  
  
• Moisturizing the home if the air is dry. This can be done by using a humidifier, which helps maintain moisture in the air. Humidifiers are particularly useful during the winter months. They can be placed throughout the home, or at least in the bedroom.
  
  
• Keeping the temperature of the home low. Heat is drying to the skin. As a result, patients may benefit from keeping the temperature below 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees Celsius).
  
  
• Choosing natural fabrics (e.g., cotton, silk) that do not irritate the skin. Clothing made of rough fabrics such as wool should be avoided.  
  
  
• Using detergents that do not contain fragrances or dyes and avoiding fabric softeners.
  
  
• Incorporating a well-balanced diet.
  
  
• Limiting alcohol and caffeine consumption.
  
  
• Avoiding or limiting cigarette smoking.
  
  
• Drinking plenty of water (at least eight 8-ounce glasses) every day.
  
  
• Wearing gloves when doing chores, such as washing dishes and gardening. They should also be worn in cold temperatures to minimize exposure to the elements.
  
  
• Bathing as soon as possible after spending time in a chlorinated pool or hot tub.

Patients with dry skin that is severely inflamed may require topical corticosteroids. Individuals who develop secondary infections from scratching may require topical and/or oral antibiotics to treat the infection.