The primary goal in treating any child with encephalitis is to reduce swelling of the brain and prevent any associated complications. Treatment for a mild case of encephalitis consists primarily of rest, maintaining a healthy diet and drinking plenty of liquids. Pain and fever relievers such as acetaminophen can help reduce or eliminate headache and fever. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids may help reduce head puffiness or pressure. Aspirin should never be provided to children due to the rare risk of Reye Syndrome.

However, more serious encephalitis cases may require more significant treatments. In some cases, this may require hospitalization and close monitoring. Sometimes, encephalitis can cause the brain to swell to the point that there is little room left in the skull. This increases pressure in the skull, which can damage the brain.

In such situations, the patient’s intracranial pressure will likely be measured in one of two ways. One technique places a small hollow tube (catheter) into the fluid-filled space in the brain (ventricle). Another technique places a small hollow device (bolt) through the skull into the space just between the skull and the brain.

These devices are attached to a monitor that gives a constant reading of the pressure inside the skull so that a rise in pressure can be treated immediately. Once the brain’s swelling has gone down, the device is removed.

Severe cases of encephalitis may also require the use of a breathing machine to aid the child’s respiration. Nutritional supplements or feeding tubes may be employed to ensure adequate nutrition.

Other treatments associated with encephalitis include:

• Medications. Certain medications may be prescribed to treat moderate to severe encephalitis. Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent an associated bacterial infection known as a superadded infection. Anticonvulsant medications can help treat a child’s seizures.
  
  
• Dimming of lights. This may help alleviate headaches. However, lights should not be dimmed enough to create shadows, which may cause hallucinations.
  
  
• Rehabilitative treatment (e.g., speech therapy, physical therapy). This can help address lasting brain damage, such as behavioral changes or problems with physical mobility.

Most children who are treated early and appropriately make a full and uncomplicated recovery following a bout of encephalitis. In rare cases, encephalitis can cause permanent brain damage and learning disabilities, speech problems, memory loss and lack of muscle control. In such cases, speech therapy, physical therapy or occupational therapy may be helpful.