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The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has tested hundreds of substances as possible carcinogens. These substances have been categorized by the IARC according to their risk level. Group 1 is defined as agents that are known to be carcinogenic to humans and includes the following:
Agents and groups of agents
- Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of this substance)
- 4-Aminobiphenyl
- Arsenic and arsenic compounds
- Asbestos
- Azathioprine
- Benzene
- Benzidine
- Beryllium and beryllium compounds
- N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine)
- Bis(chloromethyl)ether and chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade)
- 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran)
- Cadmium and cadmium compounds
- Chlorambucil
- 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU; Semustine)
- Chromium [VI] compounds
- Cyclophosphamide
- Cyclosporin (ciclosporin)
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Erionite
- Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
- Estrogens, steroidal and nonsteroidal
- Ethylene oxide
- Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
- Formaldehyde
- Gallium arsenide
- Gamma radiation
- Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
- Hepatitis B or C virus (chronic infection with)
- Herbal remedies containing plant species of the genus Aristolochia
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with this virus)
- Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18
- Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
type I
- Melphalan
- 8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
- MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
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- Mustard gas (sulfur mustard)2-Naphthylamine
- Neutrons
- Nickel compounds
- Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with this parasite)
- Oral contraceptives, combined (however, these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium)
- Oral contraceptives, sequential
- Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
- Plutonium-239 and its decay products, as aerosols
- Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during childhood)
- Radionuclides, alpha- or beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited.
- Radium-222, 224, 226 and 228 and their decay products
- Schistosoma haematobium (infection with this parasite)
- Silica, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources)
- Solar radiation
- Talc containing asbestiform fibers
- Tamoxifen (however, there is also conclusive evidence that this agent reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer)
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
- Thiotepa
- Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide
- Treosulfan
- Vinyl chloride
- X- and Gamma radiation
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Mixtures
- Alcoholic beverages
- Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin
- Areca nut
- Betel quid with or
without tobacco
- Coal-tar pitches
- Coal tars
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- Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated
- Salted fish
(Chinese-style)
- Shale oils
- Soots
- Tobacco products, smokeless
- Wood dust
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Circumstances of exposure
- Aluminum production
- Arsenic in drinking water
- Auramine manufacture
- Boot and shoe manufacture and repair
- Coal gasification
- Coke production (from high heating of coal)
- Furniture and cabinet making
- Hematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon
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- Iron and steel founding
- Involuntary smoking
- Isopropanol manufacture (strong-acid process)
- Magenta manufacture
- Painter (occupational exposure)
- Rubber industry
- Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid (occupational exposure)
- Tobacco smoking
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