Foot or leg amputation refers to surgical removal of a lower limb, often because of poor circulation or an uncontrolled infection that has destroyed skin, muscle and other tissue. It is one of the most traumatic yet preventable complications of diabetes.

Diabetes is the leading cause of foot or leg amputation in the United States. Interventions such as control of glucose (blood sugar), proper shoes, patient education and a program of daily foot care could prevent most of these amputations, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates of diabetic amputations have fallen in recent years.

Foot or leg amputation caused by diabetes often results from a minor injury such as a blister that goes untreated and escalates into an infection or ulcer. For example, a person with diabetes often has nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy) that reduces sensation. This impairment makes it harder to notice and treat minor injuries such as blisters and skin cracks. Infections can enter these wounds and spread. Common complications of diabetes such as peripheral arterial disease (clogged blood vessels in the arteries, usually in the leg or foot) and hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) make healing more difficult. Infections can worsen and kill skin, muscle and even bone. By that point, amputation may be the only way to stop the infection.

Foot or leg amputation is performed by a surgeon in a hospital under general or regional anesthesia. Recovery is an extensive process of outpatient and usually inpatient care. Treatment involves wound care, stump care, physical therapy, prosthetic training and counseling.