Genetic counseling is the process in which a healthcare provider informs the patient about all aspects of genetic testing and the potential impact of the test results. Genetic counselors are professionals who have earned a master’s degree in medical genetics and counseling skills, and who have passed a certification examination administered by the American Board of Genetic Counseling. Their role includes:

• Evaluating the patient’s family history and medical history
  
  
• Assessing the patient's understanding of tests and implications of results
  
  
• Ordering appropriate genetic tests
  
  
• Explanation of the testing process and anticipated costs
  
  
• Evaluating test results
  
  
• Conveying testing information to patients
  
  
• Advising patient of available options
  
  
• Determining additional testing for patient or family members

It is important to note that the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that patients speak with a trained genetic counselor about the following prior to genetic testing:

• Benefits and risks of testing. It is important for patients to determine the value of the information that can be obtained from genetic testing. The benefits for the patient and other family members should be weighed against the potential risks.
  
  
• Privacy of genetic testing results. Patients should be assured that measures will be taken to ensure the confidentiality of all results. However, test results often go into the patient’s medical records, which may be accessed by insurance companies or other health professionals.


• Effect of test results on the patient’s ability to obtain and keep life, disability and health insurance. There is significant concern that patients who have positive test results will be unable to acquire medical coverage, or will have to pay substantially higher premiums. Federal and state law offers some protections, but these safeguards do not apply to all patients and situations.
  
  
• Effect of test results on current and future employment. In some cases, employers may have the right to examine an employee’s medical records.
  
  
• Anticipated costs. Patients should be provided with information about the out-of-pocket expenses. Their expenses will vary depending on the number of tests, type of test and insurance coverage.
  
  
• Medicines, surgery or other treatments that may lower cancer risks in patients whose test results indicate high genetic cancer risk.