Genital herpes is mostly caused by a virus called herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2). In rare cases, it can also be caused by herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1), which is the same virus that causes cold sores and fever blisters.

Genital herpes is spread through sexual contact (vaginal, oral or anal) with an infected partner. It can be spread even if the infected person is not experiencing symptoms. Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1 million Americans become infected each year with genital herpes.

Many people with genital herpes experience no symptoms. When present, early symptoms include itching or burning in the genital or anal area and flu-like symptoms. Later symptoms include blisters or sores and, in women, vaginal discharge.

Genital herpes may be diagnosed during a physical examination or a routine gynecological examination. Laboratory tests, such as viral cultures (tests performed by placing a tissue sample in a container where a virus can grow) or blood tests, may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

There is no cure for herpes because the herpes simplex virus remains in an individual’s body for life. However, antiviral medications can ease symptoms, reduce the number of outbreaks and help prevent transmission of the virus.

Using a latex condom during vaginal, oral or anal sex can help reduce the risk of spreading the virus. However, herpes sores can occur in areas not protected by condoms. People with herpes should refrain from sexual activity during an outbreak. Abstinence from sexual activity or maintaining a monogamous relationship with an uninfected person is the most effective way of reducing the risk of herpes.