Glossitis is an inflammation of the tongue resulting in a change in the appearance of the tongue surface. The inflammation process results in the loss of finger-like projections on the top surface of the tongue (papillae), which often contain taste buds. This loss of papillae results in the bald, smooth texture of the tongue associated with glossitis. The pattern of loss may resemble the features of a map, and has led to the name geographic tongue (also known as benign migratory glossitis). Geographic tongue is the most common form of glossitis.

Glossitis may be associated with several factors, including:

• Allergies (e.g., mouthwash, toothpaste, certain drugs, candies)
  
  
• Bacterial, fungal or viral infections (e.g., cold sores)
  
  
• Exposure to certain substances (e.g., alcohol, spices or tobacco)
  
  
• Hormonal changes
  
  
• Immune system reaction
  
  
• Irritation (e.g., rough edges of teeth, dental appliances, burns)
  
  
• Mineral or vitamin deficiencies
  
  
• Reactions to medication
  
  
• Various medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, anemia, syphilis, pemphigus, ulcers)

In addition, some cases of glossitis may be inherited. People with glossitis may find that the condition flares up when they are under stress or involved in a trauma. In addition, glossitis sometimes occurs in tandem with burning tongue syndrome, which causes a burning sensation in the mouth.

Glossitis may first appear in childhood or adolescence. However, it tends to be more common in adults than children.