Prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures can lead to frostbite--tissue damage (particularly in the extremities) brought on by frozen skin and severely reduced circulation. Persistent pain or numbness, blisters, and skin discoloration signify a serious condition and should be seen by a doctor.

The first symptom of frostbite is the familiar "pins and needles" effect, followed by complete numbness. The skin appears white and hard, then turns red and swells. Once frostbitten skin thaws, blisters commonly form. Badly damaged skin can turn black, indicating dead tissue that requires amputation. Orthodox first aid calls for immediate shelter. If the victim is also suffering from hypothermia, this must be treated first. Once the victim is no longer exposed to the cold, remove clothing from the affected area and place warm hands or lukewarm water (no hotter than 110°F) on the skin. Frostbitten hands can be warmed in the victim's own armpits. Only minor frostbite and chilblains (itchy, red swellings due to the cold) should be treated with home remedies.

Herbal Remedies

Tea footbath Steep 5 to 10 tea bags in 1 gallon of hot water for 15 minutes. Soak affected hands or feet in the water for 15 minutes once the water is lukewarm. Water that is more than 110°F can damage the traumatized skin. The warmth and mild astringent effect of the tea may soothe the skin and improve local blood flow.

Red pepper or mustard powder Sprinkle red pepper or mustard powder into socks or gloves to provide warmth--but do so sparingly: Both substances can cause skin irritation. Wash your hands thoroughly afterward to prevent transfer to the eyes, and never allow children to use either substance.