Interstitial cystitis (IC) is characterized by irritation or inflammation of the bladder wall. The signs and symptoms of IC can range from mild tenderness, pressure or discomfort to intense pain in the bladder and pelvic region. The intensity of the bladder pain may change as the organ fills urine or empties its contents.  

Another common symptom of IC is urinary frequency. Although IC can cause diminished bladder size, this symptom is not always associated with the size of a person’s bladder. For instance, it is not uncommon for women with severe cases of IC to urinate as frequently as 60 times per day, despite having a normal bladder capacity.

Other signs and symptoms of this chronic pelvic pain disorder may include:

• Urinary urgency
• Scarring or stiffness of the bladder wall
• Glomerulations on the bladder wall (pinpoint bleeding that results from recurrent irritation)
• Pain during vaginal intercourse (dyspareunia)
• Pain or discomfort in the scrotum or penis (men)
• Hunner’s ulcers (large sores in the bladder wall)

Symptoms of IC may become worse in women after sexual intercourse or during menstruation. Left untreated, this condition can result in long-term complications, such as diminished bladder capacity due to stiffening of the bladder wall. IC also can result in:

• Impaired quality of life. Urinary pain and frequency may cause IC patients to refrain from engaging in many social activities.
  
  
• Relationship difficulties. IC pain that accompanies sexual intercourse may affect personal and sexual relationships.
  
  
• Emotional difficulties. Chronic pain and loss of sleep associated with IC can cause stress and depression in some patients.