There is no cure for interstitial cystitis (IC) at this time. Even when symptoms dissipate, they may still recur weeks, months or years later. The following treatment methods, however, may provide symptom relief for patients:

• Lifestyle modification. Patients can often reduce IC symptoms by making certain lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking, performing gentle stretching exercises and resting when pain is severe. It may also be helpful to limit consumption of the following foods and beverages, which may contribute to irritation and inflammation of the bladder:
  
  
• • Alcohol
  • Acidic foods (e.g., tomatoes, pineapple)
  • Artificial sweeteners
  • Caffeinated beverages
  • Chocolate
  • Citrus beverages
  • Spices
    
    
  In addition, many patients find relief by wearing looser belts and clothing that does not place unnecessary pressure on the abdomen.
  
  
• Bladder training. Some patients have found adequate IC pain relief by practicing bladder training techniques. Bladder training methods vary, but basically the patient decides to empty her bladder at predetermined times. Individuals also may use distractions and relaxation techniques to accommodate their bladder training. Gradually, the length between scheduled periods of urination is increased. Patients may choose to track their progress in a diary.
  
  
• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Some IC patients obtain relief with TENS, a procedure in which mild pulses of electricity enter the patient’s body through electrodes placed on the lower back or just above the pubic region. These electrical impulses may be administered through special devices placed inside a woman’s vagina or a man’s rectum as well. Although the effect of TENS on IC is not fully understood, scientists suspect that the pulses of electricity may:
  
  
• • Increase blood flow to the patient’s bladder
  • Strengthen the patient’s pelvic muscles, which help control bladder function
  • Trigger the release of pain-blocking substances
    
    
  TENS is fairly inexpensive and permits patients to have an active role in their treatment by allowing them to decide the time, length and intensity of treatment within certain parameters. Symptom relief is generally apparent within three to four months if TENS is going to be successful. Individuals who smoke cigarettes do not respond as well to this treatment as nonsmokers.
  
  
• Oral medications. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first oral medication for IC in 1996. The drug, pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron), improved IC symptoms in 38 percent of patients who were treated in clinical trials, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Patients taking pentosan polysulfate sodium may not experience relief from IC pain for the first two to four months, and urinary frequency may not decrease for up to six months. The main side effect of this treatment is minor gastrointestinal discomfort. It works by regenerating or protecting the superficial layer that lines the bladder. It prevents the painful substances from getting to the muscle and nerve layer. 
  
  Physicians may also recommend over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, for IC-related discomfort or pain. Antidepressants and antihistamines have also helped improve urinary symptoms in some patients. Opioid analgesics (e.g. acetaminophen with codeine) or longer-acting opioids may be prescribed for patients with severe IC pain. Patients should always consult their physician before taking a new medication.
  
  
• Bladder instillation. A catheter is guided through the patient’s urethra into the bladder, where it passes a measured amount of a drug called dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO is held for about 10 to 15 minutes on average before being expelled from the patient’s bladder. Treatments are administered every one to two weeks for a total of six to eight weeks, and repeated as necessary. This procedure, also called a bladder bath or wash, takes place in a physician’s office.
  
  Physicians believe that DMSO works in many ways. Because the drug penetrates the bladder wall, it may be more effective in reaching the tissue to reduce swelling and block pain. DMSO may also prevent the muscles from contracting, thereby reducing urinary frequency, urgency and pain. Patients who receive bladder instillation must have certain blood tests, such as kidney and liver function tests and a complete blood count (CBC) approximately every six months. Some patients experience a garlic-like taste and odor on their breath and skin, which typically disappears 72 hours after treatment.
  
  Other treatments are being investigated for similar use. However, DSMO is the only treatment of its kind currently approved by the FDA for use in IC patients.
  
  
• Bladder hyperdistention. The physician stretches the bladder to full capacity by filling it with a gas or liquid while the patient is under anesthesia. Some patients experience marked improvement in IC symptoms after this procedure is administered during a diagnostic cystoscopy. However, this form of treatment is not ideal because it requires anesthesia and helps only a small number of patients.
  
  Although researchers are unsure why this procedure sometimes helps alleviate IC symptoms, some believe that the procedure may increase the bladder’s capacity and interrupt the pain signals transmitted by the bladder’s nerves. IC symptoms may become worse 24 to 48 hours after this procedure. However, they should return to normal or improve within two to four weeks of distention.
  
  
• Surgery. Surgery for IC should be considered only if pain is debilitating and all other treatments have failed. Most physicians are reluctant to operate on IC patients because the outcome of the surgery cannot be predicted and symptoms may persist after surgery. Patients considering surgery for IC are encouraged to speak to the physician and family members about the potential benefits, risks and side effects as well as any short- and long-term complications that may occur. Surgery for IC requires anesthesia, hospitalization and a recovery period that can last anywhere from weeks to months. Surgical procedures to reduce IC symptoms include:
  
  
• • Fulguration. A procedure in which a cystoscope (a hollow, lighted tube with several lenses) is inserted through the patient’s urethra and electricity or a laser is used to burn off Hunner’s ulcers (large sores in the bladder wall). After the area heals, the ulcers and dead tissue fall off, leaving healthy, new tissue in their place.
    
    
  • Resection. A procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted through the patient’s urethra, allowing the physician to cut around and remove any ulcers that may be present.
    
    
  • Augmentation. A procedure that enlarges the bladder by removing inflamed and damaged sections of the bladder and rebuilding the organ with tissue from the patient’s small or large intestine. After the patient’s incisions heal, urinary frequency may diminish. The effect of augmentation on IC pain varies significantly, and the condition may recur on the portion of intestine used to rebuild the bladder. 
    
    
  • Neuromodulation. This is a surgical variation of TENS, in which small electrodes are permanently implanted beneath the skin in the patient’s lower back next to the third sacral nerve root. If test stimulation is successful, a permanent battery is implanted beneath the skin for stimulations at regular intervals. Although neuromodulation has proven to be a very effective form of symptom relief for some patients, its results are not always lasting and the treatment is still in the pre-clinical trial testing phase. Therefore, neuromodulation is not available to the general public at this time.
    
    
  • Cystectomy. The surgical removal of the bladder. Following a cystectomy, the body needs another method of storing and removing urine. Therefore, a urostomy is typically performed. During this procedure, the ureters are attached to a portion of the patient’s colon, which opens onto the skin of the abdomen. Urine then empties through this opening, called a stoma, into a bag located outside of the patient’s body.
    
    Some physicians employ another technique, which also requires a stoma, but permits urine to be stored in a pouch located inside the patient’s abdomen. The patient then inserts a catheter into the stoma to empty the pouch at certain intervals each day. The stoma must be kept very clean to avoid infection. A third method, which is practiced by very few physicians, involves creating a new bladder by attaching a portion of the patient’s colon to the urethra. After the patient heals, the new bladder can be emptied by urinating at scheduled times or placing a catheter inside the urethra. Some patients continue to experience phantom IC pain after a cystectomy.