Learning disorders are conditions that cause patients to have difficulty with reading, writing or mathematics. They result from neurological problems that prevent the brain from properly processing information related to spoken or written language, mathematical calculations, movement coordination or direct attention. Between 2 and 10 percent of the general population has a learning disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association (APA).

There are three major types of learning disorders. They include:

• Reading disorder. Also known as dyslexia, this condition prevents a person from correctly processing written words and other images from the eyes to the brain.
  
  
• Mathmatics disorder. Also known as dyscalculia, this condition involves difficulty performing mathematical calculations.
  
  
• Disorder of written expression. Also known as dysgraphia, this condition involves difficulty with both the physical act of writing and the intellectual task of composing text.

The cause of learning disorders is not fully understood. Deficits in visual perception, linguistic processes, ability to pay attention or memory may cause the difficulties that prevent the brain from learning. Medical conditions such as lead poisoning, fetal alcohol syndrome and fragile X syndrome (damage in the X chromosome that leads to mental retardation) have been associated with learning disorders. Heredity also plays a role, as many patients with learning disabilities have family members with similar problems.

Learning disorders can be difficult to diagnose. However, it is crucial that they do not go undetected because they are treatable. Left untreated, learning disorders can be demoralizing, impact a patient’s self-esteem and trigger various behavioral problems. Various standardized tests typically are used to diagnose a learning disorder.

Once the disorder has been pinpointed, appropriate treatment will follow. Special education techniques can help patients of all age groups and levels of impairment improve their ability to read, write or perform mathematics.