A nerve biopsy is a procedure in which a piece of a nerve is removed and examined under a microscope. It is used to help identify the cause of a patient’s symptoms or to confirm a diagnosis.

Prior to a nerve biopsy, the physician is likely to perform a physical examination and obtain the patient's medical history. The patient should provide a comprehensive medical and medication history to the physician.

A nerve biopsy is usually is performed on an outpatient basis at a clinic or a hospital. A local anesthetic is used to numb the area of interest. In some biopsies, the physician makes a small incision a few inches long into the skin and removes a small portion of the nerve. In other biopsies, a hollow needle is used to withdraw a sample of nerve tissue.

Samples obtained during biopsies are examined under a microscope, and a report is prepared based on the findings of this analysis. Patients may feel minor pain or discomfort for a few days following the procedure. Patients are typically required to keep the incision dry for seven to 10 days.

Potential risks associated with a nerve biopsy are small. There is a slight risk of infection whenever the skin is broken, and some individuals can experience an allergic reaction to the anesthetic or bandaging used during the nerve biopsy. In rare cases, patients may experience permanent nerve damage following the biopsy.