The causes of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are unknown, and may be the result of a combination of factors. Heredity appears to play a role, as children are more likely to develop ODD if at least one parent has a history of ODD, mood disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality disorder or a substance abuse problem.

Environmental factors may also play a role in the development of ODD. For example, children who live with parents who have serious marital problems are more likely to develop ODD. A child’s inherent temperament also has a strong influence on whether or not they develop ODD.

Certain traits have been highly correlated to ODD. For example, boys who have troublesome temperaments and who exhibit high motor activity in their preschool years are at greater risk for developing ODD. Other risk factors known to increase the odds of an ODD diagnosis include:

• Discipline that is too harsh or inconsistent
  
• Exposure to violence
  
• Family instability (e.g., financial problems, troubled marriage)
  
• History of abuse or neglect
  
• Improper supervision
  
• Unstable environment (e.g., frequent moves or school changes)
  
• Relationship problems with one or more parents