Brushing twice daily and flossing once a day removes plaque. However, when the plaque is allowed to remain on the teeth for longer than two to three days, it moves below the gum line onto the root and hardens into a substance called tartar (calculus). Toothbrushes and dental floss cannot remove tartar.

In most cases, the following prevention methods can help:

• Regular dental visits. Dental checkups and cleanings every six months will allow a dental hygienist, a professional trained in the care and cleaning of teeth, or dentist to examine the teeth and gums for signs of inflammation, bleeding, receding gums or dental pockets. The hygienist uses special instruments to scrape above and below the gum line removing plaque and tartar.
  
  
• Eating a healthy, balanced diet. This includes foods rich in calcium (for strong bones and teeth) and vitamin C, an immune system booster that helps fight off all infections, can aid in both treatment and prevention of periodontal disease.
  
  
• Quitting smoking (or not starting). Smoking is the most significant risk factor for developing periodontal disease. Smokers also take longer to heal following gum surgery.