The gums (gingiva) are the soft tissues of the mouth that surround and support teeth. Healthy gums fit snugly against teeth. When gum lines pull away from the teeth, it is called receding gums or gum recession.

Receding gums expose more of the root (cementum) to tooth decay and cavities and may create spaces or pockets between the teeth and gums. Those spaces can become repositories for food particles and harmful bacteria that are more difficult to brush and floss away. Since more of the root surface is exposed, teeth anchored by receding gums may be more sensitive to hot and cold or sweet and sour sensations (sensitive teeth). Teeth may also appear longer than normal because the gums cover less of the tooth surface.

Receding gums can be caused by a number of factors, including brushing too hard, mouth injuries or trauma, smoking, oral piercing, misaligned, gapped or crooked teeth and periodontal disease – the inflammation and infection of the gums, bones and tissues that anchor teeth to the jaw.

Receding gums are usually symptoms of an underlying disease, such as periodontal disease  or an injury (such as trauma or abrasion). Some people may have gums that are naturally thin and therefore are more prone to recession. Older people are also more likely to have the condition because recession increases with age. Diagnosing the cause of gum recession includes a dental examination, x-rays and dental history and family medical history.

Depending on the severity of the recession and the underlying cause, treatment can be surgical or non-surgical. For some, improving home oral care alone may be enough to restore gums to their previous healthy condition. Toothbrushes with pressure-sensitive handles – that automatically shut off when too much pressure is applied to the teeth – can be used to reduce gum recession caused by brushing too hard. People experiencing tooth sensitivity may need to use desensitizing toothpaste. A bonded resin can be applied to exposed roots to make them less sensitive.

For more severe recession, patients may be referred to a periodontist. Soft tissue graft (also called gum graft) surgery can restore receded gum lines and cover sensitive roots.

Smokers and those who are malnourished, immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS) or have uncontrolled diabetes may have difficulty treating or controlling gum recession.

For most people, gum recession is preventable with good oral hygiene and regular dental checkups. The American Dental Association recommends that individuals stop (or do not start) smoking or wearing oral jewelry since both increase the risk of gum recession.