A seizure is a sudden change in behavior or consciousness caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures occur when the nerve cells in the brain suddenly increase in activity, causing an electrical storm that can overwhelm the brain. This can result in different symptoms, depending on the area of the brain affected. These effects can range from slight changes in taste or smell to loss of consciousness and involuntary muscle contractions that affect the entire body.

Anything that disrupts the normal function of the brain can cause seizures. The most common condition associated with seizures is epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by a tendency to have recurring seizures. A single seizure does not mean a person is epileptic. Although roughly half of all seizures have no known cause, there are certain factors that can trigger seizures, such as brain trauma, genetic abnormalities, alcohol withdrawal or brain tumors. There are many different kinds of seizures. Generalized seizures can involve both sides of the brain simultaneously. Partial seizures involve only a specific area within the brain, but can expand, causing a generalized seizure.

Many times, seizures are isolated events and do not necessarily require treatment. However, some seizures are caused by chronic underlying conditions that may need treatment. In cases where the underlying cause is unknown, seizures can sometimes be controlled with medication.