Shoulder pain is discomfort that affects any part of the shoulder joint or the area around it. Trauma, degenerative disease, underuse, overuse or aging can all damage the cartilage or bone within the joint or the muscles, tendons and ligaments supporting the shoulder. Even conditions such as liver disease or TMJ disorder can result in shoulder pain.  

Each year, about 4 million Americans seek medical care for pain related to shoulder sprains, strains, dislocations, fractures or other problems, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

Shoulder pain can be diagnosed through a medical history, a physical examination and imaging tests such as standard x-rays, MRI or an arthrography (x-ray procedure in which contrast fluid is injected into the joint to outline structures).

In many cases, home–based treatments, such as icing, over-the-counter medications or stretching exercises, can successfully treat conditions that cause minor shoulder pain. However, more significant pain, especially if it does not go away within one to two weeks, may require professional medical attention. 

Treatment for shoulder pain varies according to the type and severity of the injury. In some cases, the shoulder may be immobilized, whereas in other cases the patient may be instructed to perform certain exercises. Medications often help.  Physical therapy or occupational therapy may be necessary to reduce the pain and restore function. Arthroscopy, arthroplasty or other surgery may be recommended if noninvasive treatments fail.

Sometimes shoulder pain cannot be prevented. However, people can often reduce their risk with measures such as stretching and practicing good posture and ergonomics.