Sprains and strains occur when ligaments, tendons or muscles are injured, causing swelling. In most cases, this swelling occurs around a joint. Although uncommon in children, these injuries occur in some cases.

Muscle sprains and strains differ slightly. Sprains involve a stretching or tearing of ligaments, the bands of fibrous tissue that stabilize joints and connect bones to each other. Strains involve a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. Muscle is tissue made up of bundles of specialized cells that contract and produce movement when stimulated by nerve impulses. Tendons are fibrous cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone.

Ankle, wrist and knee sprains are the most common types of ligament sprains. For example, a child may sprain an ankle while sliding into a base during softball or sprain a wrist when falling and landing on an outstretched hand while ice-skating. Children can suffer a strain to a muscle or tendon while running, jumping, throwing or lifting a heavy object. Hamstring, back and elbow strains are most common.

Children who play certain sports – including football, soccer, gymnastics and others – are at increased risk of sprains and strains. However, experts generally agree that the physical and social benefits of participating in sports usually outweigh the risks associated with these activities.

The signs and symptoms associated with a sprain or strain will depend on the nature of the injury to the child. Pain, swelling and bruising are common. Minor sprains or strains often do not require a visit to a physician and will heal on their own with basic home treatment. However, more significant injuries often require medical care.

In diagnosing a sprain, a physician may have to perform an x-ray to rule out a broken bone or use a procedure such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the extent of damage caused by the sprain or strain. Treatment involves reducing swelling and pain, and following up with rehabilitation of the injured joint.

Parents are urged to encourage their children to take steps to lower the risk of sprains or strains. These include stretching and warming up before activity, eating a healthy diet that can strengthen muscle tissue, and making sure children wear proper footwear and athletic equipment.