After a "little stroke," people may not notice any changes in their own functioning. However, friends and family members may notice slight changes. For example, people who were very particular about their personal appearance may suddenly start paying less attention to it. There may be short memory lapses and slight alterations in speech. The effects of many little strokes can add up over time, such that people may eventually be diagnosed with a type of mental confusion called dementia.

Does a stroke affect men and women the same way?

No. Although strokes occur with roughly equal frequency in both men and women, women are more likely to have a stroke at a younger age, such as in their 40s or 50s, and to die from stroke. Female victims account for more than 60 percent of the annual deaths due to stroke, making strokes the second leading cause of death among American women.

Does race affect the risk of having a stroke?

Yes. Research finds that the risk for a first stroke in African Americans is approximately twice that of white Americans. The reason may be that African Americans have more risk factors for stroke, such as high blood pressure, diabetes and - particularly dangerous in African American women - poor dietary habits and lack of exercise.

A genetic cause has also been suggested. Until researchers have fully understood the risks, African Americans are urged to learn everything they can about the risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatments associated with strokes.