Tooth extraction is a procedure to remove a tooth from its socket. It is commonly performed and may be a simple extraction or a surgical extraction. A simple extraction removes a tooth that has erupted into the mouth without cutting into the gum. A surgical extraction removes a tooth through the gum and possibly through the jawbone. The most common reason for tooth extraction is removing seriously damaged teeth (e.g., excessive tooth decay, fractured or broken teeth). The procedure may also be used when a tooth cannot erupt fully (e.g., impacted tooth), to reduce dental crowding or the risk of infection and to prepare for a complete denture or radiation therapy.

The patient will need a dental examination before a tooth extraction. The dentist will generally collect the patient’s medical and dental history and take an x-ray. The x-ray helps the dentist to determine the best way to extract the tooth. In some cases, dentists may prescribe antibiotics for the patient to take before the procedure. Patients may also need to prepare for anesthesia that may be used, such as by not eating several hours before the procedure and arranging for a ride home.

A simple extraction can usually be performed by a general dentist using only local anesthesia. Surgical extractions are more complicated than simple extractions and are usually performed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon using stronger anesthesia (e.g., conscious sedation, general anesthesia).

Bleeding is normal after a tooth extraction and may last about a day. A gauze pad applied to the extraction site helps to control the bleeding. Pain, swelling or jaw stiffness generally lasts no more than a couple of days after the procedure and may be treated with medications and warm or cold compresses. To keep the site clean, gently rinsing the mouth with warm salt water can be used several times a day after the first day.