Inflammation or infection of the vagina (birth canal) is known as vaginitis. This common condition can occur when there is a decrease in the acidity of the vaginal environment. It can also be caused by other factors, such as several types of infection or reduced levels of estrogen that can occur after menopause.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common type of vaginitis. It is caused by an overgrowth of one of several organisms (bacteria) that are normally present in the vagina. Other common types of vaginitis include:

• Yeast infection (genital candidiasis). Caused by an overabundance of Candida, a microscopic fungus that normally inhabits the vagina.
• Trichomoniasis. Caused by a parasite in the vagina, typically the Trichomonas vaginalis.

Different types of vaginitis have different causes and risk factors. For instance, yeast infections may be found more frequently as a result of hormonal changes, such as those associated with pregnancy, whereas trichomoniasis is typically transmitted through sexual intercourse with an infected partner. Signs and symptoms typically vary according to the type of vaginitis. Common symptoms may include a change in the amount, color or odor of vaginal discharge. Vaginitis can also result in symptoms such as itching or burning inside or around the vagina.

In order to determine the cause of vaginitis, physicians will take a medical history and perform a pelvic examination. Microscopic analysis of vaginal discharge is also required. Treatment of vaginitis depends on the type of infection that is present. Many forms of treatment are available in oral, suppository or topical form. Prevention methods include practicing safe sex, exercising proper toilet habits and avoiding use of vaginal sprays, deodorants and douches.