Wheat allergy is closely related to wheat intolerance, which is a physical reaction caused by an inability to digest wheat proteins. Wheat intolerance differs from an allergy in that an immune system response does not take place in a person with wheat intolerance. However, people with wheat intolerance also avoid wheat products to control symptoms.

Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue, is a permanent, nonallergic reaction to gluten. It generally is genetic and is believed to result from an abnormal enzyme in the mucosal cell (part of the mucosa, which lines the body’s hollow organs and cavities), an immunity defect or a defect in the mucosal cell membrane. Celiac disease makes it very difficult to properly absorb vital nutrients from food. Usually, people with celiac disease find that consumption of gluten damages the cells lining the small intestine.

Symptoms of celiac disease include diarrhea, abdominal pain and distension and weight loss. Those with celiac disease must avoid all grains that contain gluten, including wheat, spelt, rye, oats and barley. Additional, non-food sources of gluten may be found in medicines, vitamins and the adhesive on envelopes.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that interferes with the normal functions of the large intestine. IBS symptoms include constipation, diarrhea and gastrointestinal distress. These symptoms may be incorrectly interpreted as a food allergy, including an allergy to wheat. IBS is not related to food allergies. However there may be particular foods that trigger IBS symptoms, including wheat. Patients with IBS may learn what foods trigger their symptoms and in consultation with a physician develop a balanced diet that excludes the problem foods. A dietician can also help plan a diet safe for those who are sensitive to wheat.

Dermatitis herpetiformis is an itchy rash that is triggered by gluten intolerance. The symptoms do not usually include gastrointestinal distress. This condition is treated through a strict avoidance of gluten in combination with certain medications.

A number of allergies common to infants, including wheat allergies, usually disappear over time. Symptoms related to these allergies tend to vanish by age 3. Such allergies include:

• Cow’s milk
• Eggs
• Fish and shellfish
• Corn
• Berries
• Soy
• Tomatoes
• Citrus fruits