Yeast Infections: Key Q&A

Reviewed By:
Joanne Poje Tomasulo, M.D., ACOG

What is a yeast infection?
A vaginal yeast infection is a form of vaginitis, or inflammation of the vagina. It is caused by an overabundance of Candida, a microscopic fungus that normally inhabits the vagina. The normal acidic environment of the vagina helps keep the yeast from growing. If the vagina becomes less acidic, too many Candida fungi can grow and cause a vaginal infection.

How common are yeast infections?
Vaginal yeast infections are very common among adult women. During a lifetime, 75 percent of all women will experience at least one yeast infection and up to 45 percent have two or more.

What causes yeast infections?
Candida can overgrow in the vagina for many reasons. Pregnancy, diabetes and other illnesses can promote the growth of the fungus, and certain medications, such as birth control pills and antibiotics, may cause vaginal yeast infections.

How are yeast infections related to diabetes?
Yeast flourishes if a woman's blood sugar is high. For that reason, women who have uncontrolled diabetes are at a higher risk for yeast infections. In fact, recurring yeast infections are often the first sign of diabetes in women. This is why it is important that you consult your gynecologist if you are experiencing multiple yeast infections.

How are yeast infections related to menstruation?
Vaginal tissues are often more sensitive prior to menstruation. Feelings of itchiness during this time may simply be a part of your body's normal fluctuations. If itchiness subsides after menstruation, treatment for yeast infection is usually not necessary.

However, hormonal fluctuations that occur during your cycle can lead to yeast overgrowth. You may notice that yeast infections appear prior to your menstrual period because of these hormonal changes.

Finally, certain feminine products and practices can increase the risk of yeast infections. Deodorant tampons, douches, feminine cleansers and other similar products should be avoided. Also, you should be careful to avoid wearing pads or using tampons for extended periods of time.

Can tight clothing cause yeast infections?
Yes. Clothes, especially undergarments, may cause yeast infections if they are too tight or made of synthetic materials. These clothes can trap heat and moisture, creating an environment in which yeast can thrive. Also, if you remain in wet clothes, such as a bathing suit or exercise apparel, you may be more susceptible to a yeast infection.

Does a yeast infection always cause symptoms?
No. Some women do not exhibit any signs or symptoms of a yeast infection. However, an infection typically causes recognizable symptoms.

The most common symptoms include thick, white vaginal discharge, itching or irritation in the vagina and a redness or rash around the vulva (skin that surrounds the vagina). In addition, yeast infections may cause you to have pain during sexual intercourse or burning during urination.

Do I need to see a doctor every time I have a yeast infection?
Women usually recognize a vaginal yeast infection without getting a diagnosis from a doctor. This is especially true if they have experienced a yeast infection earlier in their lives. However, women who are exhibiting signs of a yeast infection for the first time should consult their gynecologist. The symptoms of a yeast infection are similar to more serious conditions, such as sexually transmitted disease (STDs). It is important to be sure that you have a yeast infection before you start taking medications.

Also, you need to consult a physician if you are pregnant or breastfeeding and suspect you have a yeast infection. Not all treatment medications can be taken by pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Is there a test for yeast infections?
Your physician will suspect a yeast infection based upon your symptoms. A pelvic examination will be completed to look for vaginal discharge and signs of irritation in and around the vagina. Your physician also may conduct a slide test. In this test, a sample of vaginal secretion will be removed and examined under a microscope. It will be tested for the presence of yeast organisms, such as candida.

What is the treatment for a yeast infection?

Vaginal yeast infections can be treated simply and effectively with a variety of over-the-counter medications. These antifungal medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments and suppositories.

The medications may be inserted directly into your vagina with a special applicator. Some creams or ointments can be applied to your vulva to help relieve itching or irritation. In some cases, your physician may prescribe medication in pill form.

Women who are pregnant or nursing must consult their obstetrician/gynecologist before taking any medications for yeast infections. There are some medications that may not be safe for the mother or fetus and should not be taken if you are pregnant.

How long does treatment for a yeast infection take?
Treatment for yeast infections can last anywhere from one to 14 days. You will usually notice relief from the symptoms within a few days. However, you should complete the entire course of treatment even if the symptoms subside before you have finished the medication. Treatments have an 80 to 90 percent success rate, but frequent or prolonged use of the medications can reduce their effectiveness over time.

How can yeast infections be prevented?
Yeast infections cannot always be prevented. However, you may reduce your risk of developing an infection by following some simple guidelines:

• Wear loose-fitting undergarments made of breathable material
• Do not stay in wet clothing
• Avoid using vaginal sprays, deodorants or chemicals
• Maintain proper vaginal hygiene

What should I do if I get yeast infections often?
Women who experience several yeast infections a year may want to consult with their physician. Certain conditions, such as diabetes, increase the risk of yeast infections and may need to be ruled out as a cause.

In addition, certain preventive medicines or foods may be recommended. Using boric acid capsules as vaginal suppositories or eating yogurt with live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures may help prevent recurrent infections.